The Art Of Hacking and Computers

Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and transaction processing. They are larger and have more processing power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers.

The term originally referred to the large cabinets called "main frames" that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term was used to distinguish high-end commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-scale computer system architectures were established in the 1960s, but continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers.

Minicomputers:

A minicomputer is a type of computer that possesses most of the features and capabilities of a large computer but is smaller in physical size. A minicomputer fills the space between the mainframe and microcomputer, and is smaller than the former but larger than the latter. Minicomputers are mainly used as small or mid-range servers operating business and scientific applications. However, the use of the term minicomputer has diminished and has merged with servers. A minicomputer may also be called a mid-range computer.

A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of smaller computers that was developed in the mid-1960s and sold for much less than mainframe and mid-size computers from IBM and its direct competitors. In a 1970 survey, The New York Times suggested a consensus definition of a minicomputer as a machine costing less than US$25,000 (equivalent to $161,000 in 2018), with an input-output device such as a teleprinter and at least four thousand words of memory, that is capable of running programs in a higher level language, such as Fortran or BASIC. The class formed a distinct group with its own software architectures and operating systems. Minis were designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping. Many were sold indirectly to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) for final end use application. During the two decade lifetime of the minicomputer class (1965–1985), almost 100 companies formed and only a half dozen remained.

When single-chip CPU microprocessors appeared, beginning with the Intel 4004 in 1971, the term "minicomputer" came to mean a machine that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest mainframe computers and the microcomputers. The term "minicomputer" is little used today; the contemporary term for this class of system is "midrange computer", such as the higher-end SPARC, Power Architecture and Itanium-based systems from Oracle, IBM and Hewlett-Packard.

Microcomputers:

A microcomputer is a computer with a central processing unit (CPU) as a microprocessor. Designed for individual use, a microcomputer is smaller than a mainframe or a minicomputer. The term microcomputer is not as commonly used as it was during the 1970s-1980s. We now refer to microcomputers as, simply, computers, or personal computers (PC).

Analog Computers:

An analog computer is a computer which is used to process analog data. Analog computers store data in a continuous form of physical quantities and perform calculations with the help of measures. It is quite different from the digital computer, which makes use of symbolic numbers to represent results. Analog computers are excellent for situations which require data to be measured directly without converting into numerals or codes. Analog computers, although available and used in industrial and scientific applications like control systems and aircraft, have been largely replaced by digital computers due to the wide range of complexities involved.

Digital Computers:

A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of "0" and "1".

computer capable of solving problems by processing information expressed in discrete form. By manipulating combination of binary digits, it can perform mathematical calculation, organised
and analyse data, control industrial and other process and simulate dynamic system such as global such as global weather patterns. such computer are many problem oriented.

Hybrid Computers:

The word computer is derived from the word "compute" which means to calculate, a computer is normally considered to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operation at enormous speed.

In fact, the original objective to inventing the computer was to create a fast calculating  machine but more than 80% of work done by computers today is of non-mathematical or non-numerical nature. Hence, to define a computer merely as calculating device is to ignore  over 80% of its work.

More Accurately, a computer may be defined as a electronic device that receives data as input, processes that data according to a prescribed sequence of instructions and produces desired output.\

1. Types of Computer.



NOTE: NEXT Will BE POSTED SOON.

Hazrat Imam Hussain R.Z wo dur-e-yakdaa he k pore kainat k under wo nagina sirf ek hi he. Logo ne Khuda hone k daway kiye, Nabi hone k daway kiye, Mahdi hone k daway kiye lekin aj tak kisi ne Hussain R.Z hone ka dawa nahi kiya, koi ghar lutay to Hussain R.Z bane, teerow p teer khay to Hussain R.Z hone ki bt kare, apne 6 mah k bachay k galay m pewast hwa teer nikal kr bhi Allah ka sukar baja lay aur sabar k daman na chory, asa hosla rakhay to Hussain R.Z hone ka dawa kary, duniya m Hussain R.Z ek hi he.

Hazrat Imam Hussain R.Z ne azeemat k wo dastan rakam kiye jise Qayamat tk k liye ek namona chor gay, apko sb pata tha k mere sath age kiya hone wala he. Makam-e-beyza p imam ka jo khutba he wo hamare samne he. Apne farmaya:

"M sb kuch janta hun lekin is k bawajood bhi m age barh raha hun is liye k Qayamat tk batil k sath takrane ki zamane k pas koi misal to mojood ho."

Imam ne Karbala k waqiye ko namona bana kr pesh kiya sirf hum logo k liye, k Qayamat tk jo log jabar k khilaf maidan-e-amal m ay to apni killat-e-kasrat ko dekh pichay nahi hate ge kiyo k un k samne mera namona hoga, meri zindigi hogi aur wo jabar k sinay cheerte howe age brhte chaly jay ge. Aj duniya m jahan kahi bhi jabar k khilaf jang lagi howi he chahay wo kahi bhi bhi he wo sab hararat khoon-e-Hussain R.Z s le rahe he. Hussain R.Z Qayamat tak Jabar ka rasta rok diya aur is Qabile k log Akhirat tk apni jan pesh krte rahe ge. Hazrat Imam Hussain R.Z jis ki buniyad dali thi r jis rah k musafir howe thy wo safar jari he r Qayamat tk jari rahe ga, jb tak Imam Mahdi jalwa firaz na hoge r ap jalwagar hone k bad jabar k khilaf jihad ka safar apne hath m lele ge r zulm hamesha k liye nest-o-nabood hojayga aur Islam ka parcham sar-buland-o-sarfaraz hojayga.

Yazeed sharab pita tha, musalmano ka katil tha, fajir tha. Hazrat Imam Hussain R.Z ki parwarish agosh-e-Nabuwat m howi thi phr un ka hath Yazeed k hath m kese ja skta tha, Imam ki azmat ye thi unhon ne apna hath bachane k liye apna sir de diya. Takeekh Karbala ki utha kr parhi jay to lashain hi lashain dikhai degi, nayzon par tange sir mile ge, ghoron ki tapoon par ronday jane wale lashon ka tazkira milega lekin Imam k hathon ka zikar kahi nahi mlega. Imam ka sir nayze ki nook par tha, lash ko ghoron s rondwa diya gya lekin imam k hath nahi mile. Allah ne apni qudrat ka jalwa youn dikaya, Imam k hath hi ropoosh kr diye k kahi Yazeed ka koi badbakht sipahi unhay utha na le aur Yazeed un mohtram hathon ko apne alooda hathon m le kr apni arzoo na pori kr sakay. Hazrat Imam Hussain R.Z ki azmat ka pehra Rab ne diya un ka kata hath bhi Yazeed k hath m nahi aya. Imam ne sabar-o-istekamat ka wo tarika sikhaya jis ki misal nahi milti, k unhon ne kis tarha sabar ka imtehan diya Allah hum sub ko asa sabar krne wala banay..